Introduction Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a rare condition in children, with an incidence of approximately 2 to 5 per 100,000. The most common cause of PHPT in children is solitary parathyroid adenoma (PTA), accounting for 70% to 80% of cases. Unlike adults, where PHPT often presents as asymptomatic hypercalcemia, children and adolescents typically exhibit symptoms. […]
Introduction Liver fibrosis, a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, is more than just a liver issue. It has far-reaching implications, particularly in the context of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (SLD). This article delves into the intricate relationship between liver fibrosis and various microvascular and macrovascular complications, especially in individuals […]
Introduction Hyperammonemia, a condition characterized by elevated levels of ammonia in the blood, can lead to encephalopathy and is primarily caused by liver diseases and urea cycle disorders. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is a genetic disorder that impairs the urea cycle, leading to hyperammonemia. This article discusses a case of hyperammonemic encephalopathy triggered by a […]
Introduction Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare and complex disease first described in Sweden in 1950. Its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, but it is known that hepatocyte injury occurs through an inflammatory cascade triggered by an alteration in the immune system involving antigenic tolerance in genetically predisposed individuals. The presentation spectrum is broad, ranging from […]
Introduction Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In 2020, over 900,000 new cases were diagnosed globally, with more than 800,000 deaths reported. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 75-85% of primary liver cancers, posing a significant health burden. Despite advancements in sequencing techniques that […]
Introduction Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MASLD) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are two prevalent metabolic disorders that often coexist and exacerbate each other’s progression. This article explores the complex interrelationship between these conditions, highlighting the pathophysiological pathways involved, the clinical implications, and potential therapeutic interventions. The Intertwined MASLD and T2DM Relationship MASLD is […]
Introduction Hypolipidemia, characterized by low plasma lipoproteins, can result from primary (genetic/familial) or secondary causes. Secondary causes include anemia, chronic illness, hepatitis C infection, malignancy, and hyperthyroidism. Familial hypobetalipoproteinemias (FHBL) are monogenic disorders further classified into secretion defects (FHBL-SD) and enhanced catabolism (FHBL-EC) of lipoproteins. This article discusses three adolescent cases of hypobetalipoproteinemia, two with […]
Introduction Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is a severe liver condition characterized by acute-on-chronic liver injury in patients with chronic alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Despite extensive research, effective pharmacologic therapies remain elusive. This article delves into the role of inflammatory cells and mediators in AH pathogenesis and explores potential therapeutic targets. Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis AH is […]
Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and severe complication following liver transplantation (LT), significantly affecting postoperative outcomes. The role of nonselective beta-blockers (NSBBs) in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) remains controversial. This study aims to investigate the association between preoperative NSBB use and AKI in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients. Methods We […]
Introduction Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are chronic inflammatory disorders affecting the hepatobiliary system. These diseases account for a small percentage of liver transplants (LT) in the United States, with survival outcomes influenced by various factors including disease burden, medical comorbidities, and […]