Introduction Liver transplantation (LT) is the definitive treatment for acute and end-stage liver diseases of all etiologies and is also performed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Survival rates in Europe have improved significantly, achieving rates of 86% at one year and 74% at five years after LT. Despite these major improvements, biliary adverse events are […]
Introduction Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation in liver cells. It can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. NAFLD affects approximately 25.2% of the global population and is closely associated with metabolic syndromes such as obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and type […]
Introduction Approximately 1.6 million individuals live with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the United States (US). CHB is associated with an increased risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which can often be prevented by suppression of HBV viremia (i.e., viral load). Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues (NA) are used in the treatment of CHB, but […]
Introduction Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a rare condition in children, with an incidence of approximately 2 to 5 per 100,000. The most common cause of PHPT in children is solitary parathyroid adenoma (PTA), accounting for 70% to 80% of cases. Unlike adults, where PHPT often presents as asymptomatic hypercalcemia, children and adolescents typically exhibit symptoms. […]
Introduction Liver fibrosis, a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, is more than just a liver issue. It has far-reaching implications, particularly in the context of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (SLD). This article delves into the intricate relationship between liver fibrosis and various microvascular and macrovascular complications, especially in individuals […]
Introduction Hyperammonemia, a condition characterized by elevated levels of ammonia in the blood, can lead to encephalopathy and is primarily caused by liver diseases and urea cycle disorders. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is a genetic disorder that impairs the urea cycle, leading to hyperammonemia. This article discusses a case of hyperammonemic encephalopathy triggered by a […]
Introduction Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare and complex disease first described in Sweden in 1950. Its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, but it is known that hepatocyte injury occurs through an inflammatory cascade triggered by an alteration in the immune system involving antigenic tolerance in genetically predisposed individuals. The presentation spectrum is broad, ranging from […]
Introduction Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MASLD) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are two prevalent metabolic disorders that often coexist and exacerbate each other’s progression. This article explores the complex interrelationship between these conditions, highlighting the pathophysiological pathways involved, the clinical implications, and potential therapeutic interventions. The Intertwined MASLD and T2DM Relationship MASLD is […]
Introduction Hypolipidemia, characterized by low plasma lipoproteins, can result from primary (genetic/familial) or secondary causes. Secondary causes include anemia, chronic illness, hepatitis C infection, malignancy, and hyperthyroidism. Familial hypobetalipoproteinemias (FHBL) are monogenic disorders further classified into secretion defects (FHBL-SD) and enhanced catabolism (FHBL-EC) of lipoproteins. This article discusses three adolescent cases of hypobetalipoproteinemia, two with […]
Introduction Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is a severe liver condition characterized by acute-on-chronic liver injury in patients with chronic alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Despite extensive research, effective pharmacologic therapies remain elusive. This article delves into the role of inflammatory cells and mediators in AH pathogenesis and explores potential therapeutic targets. Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis AH is […]